Severity of energy crisis is so acute in our society whereas environmental degradation is another challenging issue. Combining these two, environmental pollution can be eradicated permanently which is the burning issue for many countries of the world. Nowadays recycling of tire waste can be a dependable solution for minimizing energy crisis and environmental pollution as well as energy crisis. Similar to bio resources these wastes tire have the features of manufacturing energy by altered thermochemical conversion process. In the previous time waste tire pyrolysis was conducted without catalyst whereas the present pyrolysis with catalyst. The objectives were investigating the effect on oil extraction and the composition of derivative oil from tire waste in presence of catalyst. The effect of pyrolysis heating rate, temperature, operating time, catalyst/tire ratio (CT ratio) and sample size etc. on yield were also investigated. The pyrolysis process was carried out in temperature range of 300 to 600º C. The most favorable pyrolytic oil attained was 42. 0% (wt) for without catalyst as well as 36. 67% (wt) for catalytic pyrolysis at 450º C. Characterization of physical properties of the resulting pyrolytic oil showed that increase in pyrolysis temperature and CT ratio resulted in higher yield of gas at the expense of oil. When CT ratio is increased from 0. 13 to 0. 30, the gas yield is increased from 13. 33 to 15. 33% (wt) and oil yield decreased from 36. 67 to 28. 0% (wt) at temperature of 450oC. High CT ratio favored an increase in the concentration of light naphtha in the pyrolytic oil. A yield of 97% (wt) is obtained from of the pyrolytic oil at 450oC with CT ratio 0. 3 by fractional distillation below 350oC. It could be concluded that after proper treatment these oil can be used as substitute of alternative fuel or chemical feedstock to naphtha.

In this survey, two types of natural organic and inorganic sorbents were studied for adsorption features in batch and column method. Chitin and derivatives extracted from Shrimp shell waste as organic and Firuzkooh Clinoptilolite and Na form derivatives as inorganic sorbent were applied. Both are able to adsorb and decontaminate low-level radioactive liquid waste (LLW). Total Sorption was depended on PH solution, treating time, adsorbents type and particle size of sorbents and it was independent of temperature. Chitin group sorbents were more effective on Co and their sorption depends on the deacetilation factor. The best Cs adsorption was on Na from Clinoptilolite; however, Chitin derivatives were more effective than Zeolite sorbents in removal of radionuclides such as Cs, Mn, Sr and Co. Chitosan 1 had the best and natural Firuzkooh Clinoptilolite had the worse sorption performance in comparison with other adsorbents.

Two types of Shrimp Chitin derivatives and two types of Iranian natural Zeolite derivatives (Firuzkooh Clinoptiliolite) were studied for adsorption and treatment of low-level radioactive liquid waste (LLW). Chitin with lowers than 10% and Chtiosan with higher than 90% deacetylation factor were selected as natural organic adsorbents. Natural Cliniptilolite of Firuzkooh area and Na form derivatives of it were selected as natural inorganic adsorbents. The static and dynamic ion exchange experimental results show that the adadsorption efficiency depend on particle size, PH, adsorbent type, deacetylation factor (in Chitin adsorbents) and cation type. The best Cs adsorption occurred in Na form Clinoptilolite. Nevertheless Chitin derivatives, particularly Chitosan, are more efficient than Zeolite adsorbents for removing of radionuclides such as 137Cs, 54Mn, 90Sr and 60Co. Adsorption performance was discussed and compared with each other.

Examples of food products are organic acids that are used as additives in food industries and as reactants in many other industries. Fermentation processes play key role on production of most organic acids, so that all acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle can be produced by various microbes with high efficiency. Furthermore, the acids that indirectly are derived from Krebs cycle (e.g., itaconic acid) can be produced by microorganism. In this study, fermentation process of citric acid production by date wastes has been investigated in two sections. First section includes date essence that because of containing compositions such as glucose materials, azotes’ materials and other materials seems to be appropriate medium for citric fermentation. Second section includes wastes of date essence that are obtained after filtering the essence and usually are not used or finitely are used as animal foods after drying. Because the mentioned wastes have a great amount of glucose (around 35%), thus were used to product acid citric in the way of solid bed.

Background & Objective: The papanicolaou (pap) smear has been used to screen women for cervical cancer since 1940. Unsatisfactory results induce anxiety in patients and doctors. Recently, a number of new technologies have been developed to improve the detection of cervical cancer. Increase the early detection of meaningful pap smear abnormalities, reduce the number of unsatisfactory smears and false negative results and provide fewer ambiguous results one of these method is the new test, include liquid-based to improve the quality and quantity of the cervical pap smear. The aim of this study is to evaluate rate of unsatisfactory smear of cervical cytology in two methods, conventional pap smear (CP) and liquid-Based (L.B).Materials & Methods: A comparison cross – sectional study was performed from 2004-2005 on 1500 patients referred to the Ghaem hospital and private clinic. From all patients cervical cytology was taken randomly via two methods CP and L.B. Subsequently frequency unsatisfactory cervical cytology in tow methods evaluated. Statistical analysis using the SPSS soft ware was done and t-test and c2 used for comparative evaluation.Results: Considering the incidence of unsatisfactory cervical cytology in CP method %0.3 was and in LB method %1 was. Sensitivity of the C.P method was 68.8% and that of the L.B method was 83.1%.Conclusion: In this study incidence unsatisfactory rate in L.B method was higher than C.P method.

Background: Animal and municipal solid wastes (MSW) create environmental pollution. It is one of the most challenging problems which require attention. Efforts were made for the conversion and eco-management of animal and municipal wastes into safe and hygienic products by an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. The excess use of chemical fertilizer and synthetic pesticide has changed the texture of soil and its fertility.Result: The chemical analysis of different combinations of MSW and animal wastes before and after vermicomposting showed, that there was significant decrease in total organic carbon, C/N ratio and pH in the final vermin wash. The significant increase in the level of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus and total calcium was observed after vermicomposting in all the prepared combinations of MSW with different animal dungs.Conclusion: It was recorded that due to the vermic activity, the MSW and animal wastes get changed into nutrient rich, ecofriendly, and biofertilizer. The observations reveal that by vermicomposting not only ecofriendly management of MSW can be achieved but also potent vermin wash can be made which are helpful in increasing the production of crops.

Purpose Fish waste is a protein-rich source that can be used as a value-added product in the formulation of organic liquid fertilizers. This study carried out to investigate the utilizing potential of fruit wastes of Ananas comosus and Carica papaya that contain bromelain and papain as major proteases in order to hydrolyze fish waste proteins to fulfill plant nitrogen requirements. Method Proteases were extracted from A. comosus (leaves, crown, unripe fruit pulp, ripe fruit peels and pulp) and C. papaya (leaves, ripe fruit peels and unripe fruit peels). The optimum temperature and pH for the enzymatic activities were determined. Four liquid organic fertilizers were produced with hydrolyzed fish waste that enriched by adding Gliricidia sepium, Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania scandens and coconut husk-ash. Fertilizers were tested on the growth of Basella alba comparing with a standard fertilizer. Results Ananas comosus ripe fruit peels and the mixture of (A. comosus + C. papaya) showed the highest enzyme activities (0. 33±, 0. 02 and 0. 36±, 0. 01 U mL-1 enzyme respectively) at 55 oC and 70 oC. The optimum pH for all the studied extracts was 7. 5 at 37 oC. The highest plant fresh and dry weights were recorded in the foliar-applied fertilizer produced by hydrolyzing the fish waste using A. comosus and C. papaya, showing no significant differences to the standard fertilizer. Conclusion Hydrolysis of fish waste using the fruit wastes of A. comosus and C. papaya could be effectively used as an organic fertilizer for the growth of B. alba that leads towards sustainable waste management.

Bokbunja seed wastes from a wine manufacturing industry were used to prepare carbon for the purpose of using it as an adsorbent for the removal of Reactive Blue 4 from aqueous solutions. A part of prepared carbon was treated with n-hexane to remove the seed oil present in large amounts in Bokbunja seeds. It was found that the hexane treated carbon was more efficient in removing the dye from aqueous solutions. Optimization of process parameters showed that pH 2 and contact time of 120 min was favorable for maximum adsorption. Langmuir and Khan Isotherm models were applied to comprehend the adsorption process. Kinetic data showed that pseudo-first order model was a better fit than the pseudo-second order model. Alkaline pH favored desorption. Among the various desorption medium tested, acetone and ethanol showed promising results thus enabling the reuse of the carbon for next adsorption cycle. The study justifies the efforts to minimize the wastes by firstly using a winery waste as adsorbent and later reusing the same for the next cycle of adsorption in addition to recycling the desorption medium while simultaneously recovering the adsorbed dyes.

BACKGROUND: Medical waste contains substantial environmental and public health issues because it may include harmful and antibiotic-resistant microbes. This study looks at the microbiological aspects of medical waste, including bacterial contamination, antibiotic resistance trends, and the possibility of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) via conjugation. METHODS: In the present study, samples were collected from the waste disposal area of a tertiary hospital, and the microbiological analysis and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates from the samples were determined through conventional cultural techniques and Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion methods. Furthermore, conjugation studies were done to evaluate the HGT of antibiotic resistance bacteria. RESULTS: In this study, an elevated number of microbial load was identified in both the liquid and solid wastes, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp., ranging from 3.9 to 5.8 log cfu/ml or g. Isolates were found to be resistant against more than one antibiotic, particularly against vancomycin, oxacillin, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, the conjugation test demonstrated the transmission of resistance genes across bacterial isolates (from a resistant to sensitive one). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate the critical need for strict medical waste management rules, such as correct segregation, treatment, and disposal, to minimize microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance propagation. Advanced sterilizing processes and strict waste disposal rules are crucial for reducing the environmental and health dangers connected with medical waste.